Chewing-gum.



J. D. DARLING.

CHEWING GUM.

APPLIOATION FILED DBO. 31, 1907.

N fi GE GE u d 4 6 Lb w t 1: a P x INVENTOR. J/YMES 0. DflfiM/Y;

- WITNESSES zzag J 1 J. D. DARLING.

CHEWING GUM.

APPLICATION FILED D30. 31, 1901.

907,748. Patented Dec. 29, 1908.

2 SHEETS-SHEET 2.

WITNESSESZ INVENTORI JAMES D. DARLING, or amp-mm, PENNSYLVANIA.

Specification of Letters Patent.

Patented Dec. 29, 1908.

Application filed December 81, 1907. Serial No. 408,721.

To all whom it may concern:

Beit known that I, JAMES D. DARLING, of Philadelphia, in the county-of Philadelphia and State of Pennsylvania, have invented certain new and useful Iin rovements in Chewing-Gum, whereof the to lowing is a specification, reference being had to" the accompanying drawings.

Hitherto chewing gum 'has been manufactured from certain resinous gums, notably from spruce gum or from gum chicle. These substances possess by nature the required consistency and especially the high degree of ductility and plasticity with absence of resiliency, which is necessary for a masticatory gum.

I have discovered that a substance having similar qualities to the above and suitable iorthe same purposes, may be manufactured from certain low grade rubbers. Ordinarily rubber or caoutchouc in all its forms is unsuited for mastication, because of its toughness and high resiliency. It also usually has a disagreeable taste and odor. Low grade rubbers are characterized by the presence of a high percenta e of resin, but by reason of the rubber whic they contain cannot ordinarily be used in the manufacture of chewing gum. I have found that by the process which I will describe, it is possible to convert such a low grade rubber into a superior masticatory gum. To accomplish this, it is necessary to cleanse and purify the crude product, whenever, as is usually the case, it is accompanied by impurities which give it a disagreeable taste or odor. It is also necessary to render the rubber content less tough and resilient. In this way I am able to produce from cheap, low grade rubber the entirely satisfactory masticatory gum which I have invented, having the peculiar cohesiveness, plasticity and ductility which is required, not adhesive to the teeth, not

tough and not resilient and also odorless and tasteless In the present specification the word resiliency, is used to denote. that quahty, highly characteristic of india rubber, by which it completely restores or reforms itself after distortion by a given strain, as soon as the strain is removed. It is opposed to plasticity, by which is meant the capacity to receive and maintain new forms. Chewing gum mustbe lastic and non-resilient.

The rubber whic I have found most suitwhich can be conveniently emp able for conversion into my new product is known in the trade as.pontianak, an india rubber procured from Borneo, and sometimes known as g'utta-jelutong, and under these names largely imported into this country. Analysis of commercial pontianak shows that exclusive of water, it usually contains about 75% of resin, something over 24% of rubber, and a fraction of 1% of ash.- Authorities however, state that at times the resin content may reach 90%. Thls material as imported into this country, is entirelyunsuitable for use as a chewing gum, not only because of the impurities,

which it contains, but because the rubber content renders it too tough and too resilient. the process .of treatment which .I will describe, I am able to produce an exceedingly desirable chewing gum at .a low price.

I take the crude po ntianak of commerce, and after cleaning it, out or chi it up into small pieces, preferably by a mec anical cutter. This comminuted material is then laced in a suitable receptacle and there boiled for a considerable time in an alkaline solution. For this purpose the use of twentyfive pounds of caustic soda to one hundred gallons of water will produce the proper result. The boiling is continueduntil all the impurities present in the crude article have sunk to the bottom, while the mixture of rubher and resin, purified and considerably changed in its physical characteristics, floats at or near the surface as a spongy mass. When freed from the alkaline liquor this mass is odorless and tasteless, but still somewhat tough and resilient. This product is removed and after repeated washings is subjected to a pulling or kneading operation, by which its physical qualities are further changed. For this purpose I prefer to use the apparatus shown in the accompanying drawings, in which But by subjecting this material to Figure 'I, is a plan view of an apparatus oyed to carry out my process, and Fig. II, is a cross section of the same, taken on the lines II, II, in Fig. I.

In the drawin s, 1, is a hopper mounted on standards .2. g shaft 3, is conveniently journaled in said standards 2 and carries the tight and loose ulleys 4, and pinions 6, 6, w ch are keyed thereto adjacent to each end of the hopper 1. Pinions 6, 6, transmit motion to the gears 7 ,'7 which 5, and also the -are retained by it ,for a long time.

in turn mesh with the gears 8, 8. Gears 7, 7, and 8, 8, 'are fast upon trunnions 9, 9, and 10, 10, to which are fastened. the revolving blades 11, and 12, respectively. Said blades 1 1, and 12, are spiral in form and their sharp edges 13, are adapted to shear against the edge 14, on the bottom of ho per 1, as can be clearly seen in Fig. II. '1 e blade 12, revolves in an opposite direction to and twice as fast as the blade 11, by virtue of the rela tion of the gears 7, 7, to the gears 8, 8, thus thoroughly mixing by a combined shearing and tearing action.

It will be understood that the machine above described forms no part of my inven-- tion but is well adapted to perform the ulling, cutting and kneading, by means of W ich I secure my product. During the treatment of the material in this apparatus it is maintained at a temperature of between 200 and 300 Fahrenheit. I

The treatment is continued for a considerable time, determined by observation, and as a result the physical characteristics of the rubber are markedly changed. 'lhe rubber content of the mass will be found to have lost its toughness and resiliency and the mass will have become lastic, tenacious and extremely ductile, so t at itmay be pulled out in fine threads of almost indefinite ength with little or no resiliency, and these qualities 1s product is eminently suited for use} in the manufacture of chewing gum. "I find that under some circumstances, the substance is improved by the addition thereto of about five per cent. of a pure vegetable wax or some. other similar waxy substance. This may be introduced in the mixer and aids in giving the product recisely the required consist ency. If desired, suitable flavoring or color-v ing extracts may be added in the course of the same operation.

'Ihe resulting product is a new article of manufacture, possessing physical characteristics and composition d11i'ering.-from other known substances. To those skilled in such tests it will. be observable that the combined plasticity, cohesiveness and ductility at natural temperatures of this product are markedly distinct from other known substances or products. It may be further identified by the fact that notwithstanding its physical change, the relative proportions of the rubber and resin content remain as they are found in the crude rubber, namely, about three times as much resin as rubber. Also upon heating to the melting point, a characteristic rubberysmell will be observed. U on analysis it yields about two and one-half per cent. of matter insoluble in hot benzin.

In the present application I do not claim the new process of manufacturing chewing um, which I have above described, the same eing reserved for my co-pending application, Serial No. 441,517 filed July 2, 1908 as a divisional of the present case, in which I claim only my new product.

Having thus described my invention, I

claim:

1. As a new article of manufacture, a nonresilient and plastic chewing gum, containing resin and rubber in approximately the roportions of three parts resin to one of rub er.

2. As a new article of manufacture a chewing m consisting of low grade rubber contaimng about 75% of resin, the mass being lastic, intensely ductile, tasteless and odorless at ordinary temperatures but yielding a characteristic rubbery odor when heated to the melting point. I 3. As. a new article of manufacture, a tasteless, odorless, tenacious, cohesive, plastic, intensely ductile, non-resilient, resinous substance, composed of low grade rubber cleansed and rendered plastic, and having a resinous and'a rubber content in the proportions in which they occur in said low grade rubber.

4. As a new article of manufacture a tasteless, odorless, intensely ductile and non-resilient chewing um, composed of pontianak rubber cleanse and rendered plastic, and having a resinous and a rubber content the pro ortions in which they occur in po'ntlanak rub er.

In testimony whereof, I have hereunto signed my name, at Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, this twenty-eighth day of December JAMES D. DARLING. Witnesses:

JAMES H. BELL,

E. L. FULLERTON. 

